- "The Bible speaks of the Ark leveling mountains and laying waste to entire regions. An army which carries the Ark before it is invincible."
- ―Marcus Brody[src]
The Ark of the Covenant or The Ark is a Biblical artifact. According to the Bible, the Ark was a wooden chest used by the ancient Hebrews to carry the Ten Commandments, the budded staff of Aaron, and a pot of manna.
Long sought by archaeologists and treasure-hunters, the Ark was rumored to possess great supernatural powers that caught the interest of Nazi Führer Adolf Hitler, who was willing to overlook its Jewish origins to take control of the relic's abilities.
History[]
Origins[]
- "The Ark. If it is there at Tanis, then it is something that man was not meant to disturb. Death has always surrounded it. It is not of this Earth."
- ―Sallah to Indiana Jones[src]
Around 1400 BC,[1] after the Ten Commandments were smashed by Moses, the pieces were collected in the Ark of the Covenant, a gold-gilded wooden chest constructed under instruction from God and carried before the Hebrews on their march towards the Promised Land.[3] During the long trek, the Ark's heralds warned the Israelites to view it from afar. At one point, the Bethsames were all slain by its power because they looked at the relic. Similarly, on an occasion when the ox-cart carrying the chest faltered, Oza tried to steady the Ark, and was struck dead for touching it.[4]
When the Hebrews settled in Canaan, they placed the Ark in the Temple of Solomon where it stayed until around 980 BC when the Egyptian Pharaoh Shishak raided the Temple and took the Ark with him to the city of Tanis.[3] Following a series of dreams in which he was visited by Osiris urging him to hide it from the eyes of the sun god Amun-Ra, Shishak had the Ark placed inside the Well of the Souls. A Map Room was built so that only Ra could know the Ark's whereabouts but a year later the Israelites' God saw to it that Tanis itself was buried in a sandstorm and the Ark was lost to the passage of time.[5]
Research[]
It contains information cut from the final release of an Indiana Jones medium, or otherwise unpublished. Everything said in this section and not elsewhere did not happen in the "proper" Indiana Jones continuity.
In June 1909, the American archaeologist Abner Ravenwood had in his possession a map that apparently indicated that the Ark of the Covenant was hidden below the Temple Mount hill in Jerusalem. Graverobber Montague Parker tricked a young Indiana Jones, son of the renowned Scottish professor Henry Walton Jones, Senior, to "borrow" Ravenwood's map in exchange of letting the boy work at his dig. However, the Ark wasn't beneath Temple Mount and Parker and his gang were discovered by the temple keeper, who summoned a large local mob that chased the robbers out of the city. After that, Ravenwood assured Indy that the Ark wasn't believed to be there, but elsewhere and that someday, a real archaeologist would find it.[6]
By the beginning of the 20th century, Egyptologist Abner Ravenwood grew to become an expert on the Ark of the Covenant's lore to the point it became his life's obsession, collecting some relics at Tanis, but failing to find its buried city. Amassing clues for his personal quest costed him his job at the University of Chicago, Abner dedicated the rest of his life to look for the Ark, spending his summers on excavations in Egypt and the Middle East and bringing his daughter Marion with him on all his travels across the globe. They journeyed for clues at Europe, Egypt, Iraq and Iran before settling in Nepal, India and founded The Raven inn/bar to finance more excavations nearby.[5] Near the Egyptian village of San el-Hagar, Abner recovered the Headpiece to the Staff of Ra, but still failed to locate the Map Room or the Well of the Souls.[7] Unfortunately, Abner never got to find the Ark, as he chose to follow a theory that the Ark had been taken by Alexander the Great and his army through Nepal after months of research, but Abner realized too late that the Ark was indeed in Tanis before apparently perishing in an avalanche.[5]
Discovery in Tanis[]
Adolf Hitler became interested in acquiring the Ark and its fabled powers in order to achieve world domination. In 1936, when US agents Colonel Musgrove and Major Eaton discovered Hitler's plan through an intercepted German communique sent from Cairo, they consulted Indiana Jones and his friend Marcus Brody about the artifact. Jones explained some of the history of the Ark to the government men, showing them a depiction of the Ark's destructive power after which Brody noted that any army which carried the Ark before it would be invincible. Eaton and Musgrove subsequently hired Jones to find the Ark before the Nazis. The archaeologist managed to find the Well of Souls and acquire the Ark out from under the German expedition, but it was later captured by Nazis nonetheless.[3]
The Ark changed hands between Indy and the Nazis several times before the Nazis took the Ark to a secret island base near Crete. After René Emile Belloq, dressed in the traditional attire of an Israelite High Priest, performed a Hebrew ritual, the Ark was opened. When Belloq and his cohorts, Colonel Herman Dietrich and Major Arnold Ernst Toht, looked inside, they saw nothing but sand, all that was left of the Ten Commandments. This drew a bout of laughter from Toht, who had long been a skeptic. While Belloq looked upon the sand with an anguished expression on his face, a sudden screeching noise drew his attention. Moments later, a power surge from the Ark disabled all the lights, electronics and weapons in the vicinity, some blowing up in the soldiers' hands.[3]
Ghostly apparitions emerged from within and swarmed playfully about the astonished onlookers. Belloq and his cohorts continued staring into the ark, saying, "It's beautiful!" Little did he know, these would be his last words. The spirits' appearances transformed from angelic beings into monstrous abominations. Belloq, Toht and Dietrich's expressions turned from wonder to horror. Rooted to the spot with fear, the Nazis beheld a pillar of holy fire rising from the Ark and coalescing around Belloq before shooting bolts of fiery energy through the assembled soldiers, killing them. The Ark then turned its full and terrible wrath on the three men who had dared look inside: Colonel Herman Dietrich's head imploded, Major Arnold Ernst Toht's face melted off his skull and Belloq's entire body exploded. The Ark then swept the Nazis' remains into the air, then fire blasted them and the ark's lid into the sky. Once the fire receded, the lid returned to the ark and the apparitions vanished, leaving no trace of those who had beheld them. The captured Indy, witnessing energy beginning to come out of the Ark, had already realized beforehand what was about to happen. Warning Marion, they closed their eyes and looked away from the Ark, symbolically showing proper respect, and were spared from the wrath of God. They then brought the Ark back to the United States.[3]
Afterwards, instead of giving the Ark to the National Museum as agreed, the US government took possession of it. Though Jones and Brody were told by Major Eaton that it was to be studied by higher authorities,[3] the relic was instead analyzed by a United States Air Force team consisting of E. Clinton, K. A. Day, R. Frost, L. Stahl, J. Washington and S. Widnall;[8] to be later simply nailed inside a wooden crate numbered 9906753 and placed inside a gigantic warehouse[3] in Nevada[9] among hundreds of similar crates.[3]
Legacy[]
After the failure to obtain the Ark,[3] now known in Germany as the "Ark of the Covenant fiasco",[10] the Fuhrer bristled at the mention of the lost Ark affair, and particularly at Indiana Jones' participation in it.[11]
Some time after, while involved with the plans of the immortal Prospero, Indiana remembered how he didn't believe in the power of the ancient Jewish relic, but saw it destroy a Nazi regiment.[12]
Two years after discovering the Ark, Jones later uncovered a wall painting depicting the Ark in some tunnels beneath the Biblioteca di San Barnaba in Venice. When Elsa Schneider asked what the image was, Jones confirmed that it was the Ark, mumbling that he was "Pretty sure..." given past encounters.[13] The following year, while exploring an Algiers, Algeria dig site in his search for Atlantis, Jones found a similar wall painting depicted two women holding a white sphere coming from a chest or ark that resembled the image Jones saw of the Ark of the Covenant in Venice's tunnels, leading him to acknowledge that he had already seen a similar painting before.[14] By 1941, Daan van Rooijen had learned of Jones uncovering the Ark and the Holy Grail leading van Rooijen to mention them when the archaeologist dismissed the Golden Fleece as a myth.[15]
Over two decades later, in 1957, Jones was taken to the warehouse when captured by Soviets led by Irina Spalko looking for a different crate. The box containing the Ark was broken during the subsequent action brought about from his escape attempt.[9] Jones saw enough of the relic to recognize it, and realized that Hangar 51 had become the Ark's fate but continued with his getaway,[16] while Spalko and her men didn't notice the relic as they pursued Jones.[9] The archaeologist made a note in his journal that he had learned of the Ark's whereabouts and mused on the possibility of making a return trip as well as wondering what else could be in storage there.[4]
In 1992,[17] while flying over the United States of America,[18] an older Indiana Jones[17] relived the adventures of many years ago, including the memories of the Lost Ark of the Covenant.[18]
Behind the scenes[]
- "Never touch it."
- ―Indiana Jones to Sallah of the Ark[src]
The Ark of the Covenant appeared as the titular MacGuffin of Raiders of the Lost Ark.[3] While George Lucas conceived of the Indiana Jones character as a seeker of supernatural artifacts, it was Philip Kaufman's idea to use the Ark as a MacGuffin, influenced by an old dentist of his who was obsessed with the relic's powers.[19] The design of the prop Ark used in the film was based on artwork by the nineteenth century painter James Tissot. As of 2014, the actual prop resides in the art room of the Lucasfilm Ltd. archives at Skywalker Ranch.[20]
In the film, it goes unexplained how Indiana Jones knew not to touch the Ark or look upon its contents.[3] Campbell Black's novelization, however, provided a scene where Imam warns Indy and Sallah about the danger the Ark poses. As such, Indy later reminds Sallah to not touch the artifact upon uncovering it and instead instructs that it be carried out with a set of poles.[21] The Lost Journal of Indiana Jones would later suggest that Jones researched this ahead of time from The History of the Ark, a book which contained a passage explaining how some individuals who looked into or touched the Ark died.[4]
During production of The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, George Lucas had the idea for an episode entitled "Jerusalem, June 1909" which saw a nine-year-old Indiana Jones meeting Abner Ravenwood, who would have been searching the Ark of the Covenant on Temple Mount, Jerusalem, as a means to foreshadow the events of Raiders. The series was cancelled before the episode could be produced.[6]
For the development of Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull, director Steven Spielberg became determined to have the Ark of the Covenant make a cameo in the film as a callback to the franchise's earlier installments. Although a props team would normally have been expected to rebuild the Ark, it wasn't necessary for Crystal Skull as Lucas' archives had kept the original prop from Raiders intact. As it was such a sought-after piece of memorabilia, guards were actually brought in to protect it.[19]
Depiction[]
While the Ark is described in the Bible, some elements of the Ark were altered in the film Raiders of the Lost Ark. For example, Brody's statement that "the Bible speaks of the Ark leveling mountains and laying waste to entire regions" is only partially accurate (when it was captured by the Philistines it "laid waste" to their "region" via bubonic plague), though the Bible does state the Ark had supernatural powers. The Ark is reputed to have the second set of the Ten Commandments written in it, which are whole, not the first broken pair. Although a Rabbinic tradition states that Moses also put the broken fragments of the first tablets of the Law into the Ark.
The picture in which Jones and Brody show Musgrove and Eaton the Ark's destructive power might be another version of the Battle of Jericho. It is written in the Book of Joshua, a biblical story of how Israel had conquered Canaan, that for six days the Israelites had marched around the walls of Jericho once every day with their priests carrying the Ark, after which on the seventh day they marched around seven times.
The punishment of death upon Belloq and the Nazis for disturbing the Ark is inspired by a Bible reference in 1 Samuel 6:19 when seventy people of Beth-Shemesh were struck down because they looked into the Ark.
Also, the Bible relates a command by King Josiah of Judah in 2 Chronicles 35:3 for the Levites to "Put the sacred ark in the temple that Solomon built". Since King Josiah reigned from 640 - 609 BC, and the Bible mentions the Ark as being present in Jerusalem during his reign over three hundred years after Shishak's invasion, the Tanis theory is untenable.
The fate of the actual Ark, if the artifact does exist, continues to elude archaeologists. The city of Tanis is one of many locations where it is theorized the Ark may lie, although the Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion in Ethiopia claims to have the true Ark safely kept in the Chapel of the Tablet. The Ark's guardian, and only he, is allowed to see it. Some Catholics believe that Mary, the mother of Jesus, is the new Ark of the Covenant due to similarities between her and the actual Ark.
People have even asserted that the Ark is in Japan, within the catacombs of Mt. Tsurugi.[22]
Appearances[]
- The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles – "Jerusalem, June 1909" (Mentioned only) (Cancelled)
- The Day of Destiny (Mentioned only)
- The Secret Treaty (Mentioned only)
- The Rule of Russia (Mentioned only)
- Indiana Jones and the Secret of the Sphinx (Mentioned only)
- Raiders of the Lost Ark novel (First appearance)
- Raiders of the Lost Ark
- Indiana Jones and the Raiders of the Lost Ark junior novel
- Raiders of the Lost Ark comic
- Raiders of the Lost Ark storybook
- Raiders of the Lost Ark Read-Along Adventure
- Indiana Jones' Greatest Adventures
- The Further Adventures of Indiana Jones – "The Ikons of Ikammanen" (Mentioned only)
- The Further Adventures of Indiana Jones – "The Devil's Cradle" (Indirect mention only)
- The Further Adventures of Indiana Jones – "Gateway to Infinity!" (Mentioned only)
- The Further Adventures of Indiana Jones – "Club Nightmare!" (Mentioned only)
- Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (Image on wall)
- Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade novel (Mentioned only)
- Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade junior novel (Mentioned only)
- Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade: The Graphic Adventure (Mentioned only)
- Indiana Jones and the Staff of Kings novel (Cancelled) (Mentioned only)
- Indiana Jones and the Lost Treasures 4 - "Take Cover!" (Pictured only)
- Indiana Jones and the Golden Fleece (Mentioned only)
- Indiana Jones and the Pyramid of the Sorcerer (Mentioned only)
- Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull
- Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull novel
- Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull junior novel
- Indiana Jones: Traps and Snares
- Indiana Jones: The Search For Buried Treasure
- LEGO Indiana Jones: The Original Adventures (Non-canonical appearance)
- LEGO Indiana Jones 2: The Adventure Continues (Non-canonical appearance)
Sources[]
- Grail Diary
- From Star Wars to Indiana Jones: The Best of the Lucasfilm Archives
- The World of Indiana Jones
- Raiders of the Lost Ark Sourcebook
- Close Encounters of the Random Kind (Ambiguously canonical appearance)
- Indiana Jones and the Lands of Adventure
- Indiana Jones and the Tomb of the Templars
- Indiana Jones Adventure Map
- Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom Sourcebook
- Raiders of the Lost Ark: Crate of chaos on IndianaJones.com (backup link on Archive.org)
- Raiders of the Lost Ark: Villiany in White on IndianaJones.com (backup link on Archive.org)
- Raiders of the Lost Ark: Jeepers, creepers... on IndianaJones.com (backup link on Archive.org)
- Around the World with Indiana Jones on IndianaJones.com (backup link on Archive.org)
- Indy's Read-Along Adventures on IndianaJones.com (backup link on Archive.org)
- Ark of the Covenant's Marshall College entry on IndianaJones.com (backup link on Archive.org)
- Indiana Jones: The Ultimate Guide
- Indiana Jones Movie Photo Cards (Card: Score One For Indy!)
- Indiana Jones Movie Photo Cards (Card: Dealing with Danger)
- The Lost Journal of Indiana Jones
- Indiana Jones: The Official Magazine 3
- Indy's Notebook: "Indiana Jones and the Lost Ark!" – Indiana Jones Comic 7
- "The Ark of the Covenant" – Indiana Jones: The Official Magazine 4
- "The Thrill of the Chase!" - Indiana Jones: The Official Magazine 4
- Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull Annual 2009
- Indiana Jones action figures (Pack: The Lost Wave)
- Grail Diary (prop replica)
- "Ark of the Covenant" 2013 artwork
- "Ark of the Covenant" 2020 artwork
- Inside the World of Indiana Jones on Lucasfilm.com (backup link on Archive.org)
- Defining Moments: A Brush with History on Lucasfilm.com (backup link on Archive.org)
- 10 Vile Lucasfilm Villains to Surprise You This Halloween on Lucasfilm.com (backup link on Archive.org)
- The Real Indiana Jones: Curiosity & Creativity on Lucasfilm.com (backup link on Archive.org)
- 40 Great Indiana Jones Quotes on Lucasfilm.com (backup link on Archive.org)
- The Real Indiana Jones: Friendship & Sacrifice on Lucasfilm.com (backup link on Archive.org)
- Into The Unknown: Lucasfilm's Brushes with Horror on Lucasfilm.com (backup link on Archive.org)
- Back to School With Young Indiana Jones & Helen Seymour on Lucasfilm.com (backup link on Archive.org)
- Indiana Jones apparel (Design: Rare Artifacts Poster T-Shirt)
Notes and references[]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Indy's Notebook: "Indiana Jones and the Lost Ark!" – Indiana Jones Comic 7
- ↑ Indiana Jones apparel (Design: Rare Artifacts Poster T-Shirt)
- ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 Raiders of the Lost Ark
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 The Lost Journal of Indiana Jones
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Raiders of the Lost Ark Sourcebook
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 The Lost Chronicles of Young Indiana Jones on StarWars.com (backup link on Archive.org)
- ↑ Indiana Jones: The Ultimate Guide
- ↑ "Ark of the Covenant" 2013 artwork
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull
- ↑ Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade: The Graphic Adventure
- ↑ The Further Adventures of Indiana Jones – "Gateway to Infinity!"
- ↑ The Further Adventures of Indiana Jones – "The Devil's Cradle"
- ↑ Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade
- ↑ Indiana Jones and the Fate of Atlantis
- ↑ Indiana Jones and the Golden Fleece
- ↑ Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull junior novel
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles – "Verdun, September 1916"
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 The Day of Destiny
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 The Complete Making of Indiana Jones
- ↑ 'Star Wars' trilogy is retold in new kids' book at USA Today
- ↑ Raiders of the Lost Ark novel
- ↑ Mt. Tsurugi — A Mountain Shaped in Legend and Mystery
External links[]
- Ark of the Covenant on Wikipedia
- TheBibleProject.com's image of Tissot's "The Ark of the Covenant"
- TheBibleProject.com: Tissot illustration "The Ark Passes Over The Jordan"
- TheBibleProject.com: Tissot illustration "The Seven Trumpets of Jericho" (Featuring the Ark)
- Smithsonian.com article: "Keepers of the Lost Ark?" (Ethiopian claim to Ark)